TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT

F I L M G A U G E S A N D F O R M A T S

1894 Edison Kinetoscope 35mm four perforations each side of frame frequently on translucent stock	1895 Lumière Cinématographe 35mm unique perforation arrangement	1888 Le Prince Paper negative unperforated not to scale (NMPFTV)
1890 Donisthorpe Kinesigraph approx. 68mm unperforated (NMPFTV)	c.1893 Friese-Greene irregular perfs not to scale (BiFi)	1896 Cinematographe Joly, or Royal Biograph de Joly-Normandin 5-perf per frame (Musée Suisse de l"appareil photographique)
These clips of various film gauges, represent some of the most interesting and important formats from the Early Cinema period. Le Prince shot motion sequences in 1888 on unperforated paper 'film'. Marey's sequences, on wide-format paper and later celluloid, were for analysis and were not projected. From 1889 Eastman and other manufacturers made celluloid roll film.	Donisthorpe experimented with this 2 1/2-inch film, and Friese-Greene with wider film, but neither succeeded in projection. Edison's peepshow Kinetoscope used 35mm film with four rectangular perforations each side of the frame. The Lumière Cinématographe camera-projector used 35mm film, but with one circular perforation.	Other film-makers used wider film - The American Biograph company used 68mm wide film for some years - but standardisation had to come. An international conference of filmmakers in 1909 adopted the Edison 35mm format as the industry standard.

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